Cities establish public tribunals to allocate responsibility when human maintainers and coding agents jointly develop software that governs essential services.
Open-source responsibility charters evolve into enforceable municipal law. Every change to public software carries separate records of human approval, agent execution, testing, and restitution. Citizens can challenge not only an algorithmic decision, but also the development process that produced it.
At 8:40 on a rainy Tuesday morning in Leeds, benefits clerk Mara Ellison projects a disputed code change onto a tribunal wall. Three residents watch as the chain of approvals that emptied their accounts unfolds before them.
The tribunals may amount to accountability theater. Large vendors can afford bonds and compliance teams, while volunteer projects with better code vanish from public procurement because no one can afford to sponsor them.